Scenario. A public agency is deciding which access regime to encourage for a frontier AI model. You are advising the agency. The provider cares about profit, while the agency also cares about downstream entry and social welfare.
What is ECTO? Effective Capability-Transfer Openness is the share of the capability gap that an independent developer can legally and technically recover from the frontier model under a fixed compute-and-energy budget. An ECTO of 0 means no usable capability is transferred; 1 means the full capability gap can be recovered.
Your task. Recommend one access regime, then identify the model's private-profit and social-welfare benchmarks.